<listitem>
       <para>
        A delay of this many seconds occurs when a new server process
        is started, after it conducts the authentication procedure.
        This is intended to give an opportunity to attach to the
        server process with a debugger.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
   </refsect2>

   <refsect2>
    <title>Options for Single-User Mode</title>

    <indexterm>
     <primary>single-user mode</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>
     The following options only apply to the single-user mode
     (see <xref linkend="app-postgres-single-user"/> below).
    </para>

    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>--single</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Selects the single-user mode.  This must be the first argument
        on the command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="parameter">database</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the name of the database to be accessed.  This must be
        the last argument on the command line.  If it is
        omitted it defaults to the user name.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-E</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Echo all commands to standard output before executing them.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-j</option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Use semicolon followed by two newlines, rather than just newline,
        as the command entry terminator.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><option>-r</option> <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Send all server log output to <replaceable
        class="parameter">filename</replaceable>.  This option is only
        honored when supplied as a command-line option.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
   </refsect2>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1>
  <title>Environment</title>

  <variablelist>
   <varlistentry>
    <term><envar>PGCLIENTENCODING</envar></term>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Default character encoding used by clients.  (The clients can
      override this individually.)  This value can also be set in the
      configuration file.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><envar>PGDATA</envar></term>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Default data directory location
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><envar>PGDATESTYLE</envar></term>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Default value of the <xref linkend="guc-datestyle"/> run-time
      parameter.  (The use of this environment variable is deprecated.)
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><envar>PGPORT</envar></term>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Default port number (preferably set in the configuration file)
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

  </variablelist>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1>
   <title>Diagnostics</title>

   <para>
    A failure message mentioning <literal>semget</literal> or
    <literal>shmget</literal> probably indicates you need to configure your
    kernel to provide adequate shared memory and semaphores.  For more
    discussion see <xref linkend="kernel-resources"/>.  You might be able
    to postpone reconfiguring your kernel by decreasing <xref
    linkend="guc-shared-buffers"/> to reduce the shared memory
    consumption of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>, and/or by reducing
    <xref linkend="guc-max-connections"/> to reduce the semaphore
    consumption.
   </para>

   <para>
    A failure message suggesting that another server is already running
    should be checked carefully, for example by using the command