class="parameter">option</replaceable> key words are:

    <variablelist id="raise-using-options">
     <varlistentry id="raise-using-option-message">
      <term><literal>MESSAGE</literal></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>Sets the error message text.  This option can't be used in the
        first syntax variant, since the message is already supplied.</para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="raise-using-option-detail">
      <term><literal>DETAIL</literal></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>Supplies an error detail message.</para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="raise-using-option-hint">
      <term><literal>HINT</literal></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>Supplies a hint message.</para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="raise-using-option-errcode">
      <term><literal>ERRCODE</literal></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>Specifies the error code (SQLSTATE) to report, either by condition
        name, as shown in <xref linkend="errcodes-appendix"/>, or directly as a
        five-character SQLSTATE code.  This option can't be used in the
        second or third syntax variant, since the error code is already
        supplied.</para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="raise-using-option-column">
      <term><literal>COLUMN</literal></term>
      <term><literal>CONSTRAINT</literal></term>
      <term><literal>DATATYPE</literal></term>
      <term><literal>TABLE</literal></term>
      <term><literal>SCHEMA</literal></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>Supplies the name of a related object.</para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
   </para>

   <para>
    This example will abort the transaction with the given error message
    and hint:
<programlisting>
RAISE EXCEPTION 'Nonexistent ID --> %', user_id
      USING HINT = 'Please check your user ID';
</programlisting>
   </para>

   <para>
    These two examples show equivalent ways of setting the SQLSTATE:
<programlisting>
RAISE 'Duplicate user ID: %', user_id USING ERRCODE = 'unique_violation';
RAISE 'Duplicate user ID: %', user_id USING ERRCODE = '23505';
</programlisting>
    Another way to produce the same result is:
<programlisting>
RAISE unique_violation USING MESSAGE = 'Duplicate user ID: ' || user_id;
</programlisting>
   </para>

   <para>
    As shown in the fourth syntax variant, it is also possible to
    write <literal>RAISE USING</literal> or <literal>RAISE
    <replaceable class="parameter">level</replaceable> USING</literal> and put
    everything else into the <literal>USING</literal> list.
   </para>

   <para>
    The last variant of <command>RAISE</command> has no parameters at all.
    This form can only be used inside a <literal>BEGIN</literal> block's
    <literal>EXCEPTION</literal> clause;
    it causes the error currently being handled to be re-thrown.
   </para>

   <note>
    <para>
     Before <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 9.1, <command>RAISE</command> without
     parameters was interpreted as re-throwing the error from the block
     containing the active exception handler.  Thus an <literal>EXCEPTION</literal>
     clause nested within that handler could not catch it, even if the
     <command>RAISE</command> was within the nested <literal>EXCEPTION</literal> clause's
     block. This was deemed surprising as well as being incompatible with
     Oracle's PL/SQL.
    </para>
   </note>

   <para>
    If no condition name nor SQLSTATE is specified in a
    <command>RAISE EXCEPTION</command> command, the default is to use
    <literal>raise_exception</literal> (<literal>P0001</literal>).
    If no message text is specified, the default is to use the condition
    name or SQLSTATE as message text.
   </para>

   <note>
    <para>
     When specifying an error code by SQLSTATE code, you are not
     limited to the predefined error codes, but can select any
     error code consisting of five digits