linkend="libpq-PQerrorMessage"/> (on the connection) will return
        the same string as <xref linkend="libpq-PQresultErrorMessage"/> (on
        the result).  However, a <structname>PGresult</structname> will
        retain its error message until destroyed, whereas the connection's
        error message will change when subsequent operations are done.
        Use <xref linkend="libpq-PQresultErrorMessage"/> when you want to
        know the status associated with a particular
        <structname>PGresult</structname>; use
        <xref linkend="libpq-PQerrorMessage"/> when you want to know the
        status from the latest operation on the connection.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="libpq-PQresultVerboseErrorMessage">
      <term><function>PQresultVerboseErrorMessage</function><indexterm><primary>PQresultVerboseErrorMessage</primary></indexterm></term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Returns a reformatted version of the error message associated with
        a <structname>PGresult</structname> object.
<synopsis>
char *PQresultVerboseErrorMessage(const PGresult *res,
                                  PGVerbosity verbosity,
                                  PGContextVisibility show_context);
</synopsis>
        In some situations a client might wish to obtain a more detailed
        version of a previously-reported error.
        <xref linkend="libpq-PQresultVerboseErrorMessage"/> addresses this need
        by computing the message that would have been produced
        by <xref linkend="libpq-PQresultErrorMessage"/> if the specified
        verbosity settings had been in effect for the connection when the
        given <structname>PGresult</structname> was generated.  If
        the <structname>PGresult</structname> is not an error result,
        <quote>PGresult is not an error result</quote> is reported instead.
        The returned string includes a trailing newline.
       </para>

       <para>
        Unlike most other functions for extracting data from
        a <structname>PGresult</structname>, the result of this function is a freshly
        allocated string.  The caller must free it
        using <function>PQfreemem()</function> when the string is no longer needed.
       </para>

       <para>
        A NULL return is possible if there is insufficient memory.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="libpq-PQresultErrorField">
      <term><function>PQresultErrorField</function><indexterm><primary>PQresultErrorField</primary></indexterm></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Returns an individual field of an error report.
<synopsis>
char *PQresultErrorField(const PGresult *res, int fieldcode);
</synopsis>
        <parameter>fieldcode</parameter> is an error field identifier; see the symbols
        listed below.  <symbol>NULL</symbol> is returned if the
        <structname>PGresult</structname> is not an error or warning result,
        or does not include the specified field.  Field values will normally
        not include a trailing newline. The caller should not free the
        result directly. It will be freed when the
        associated <structname>PGresult</structname> handle is passed to
        <xref linkend="libpq-PQclear"/>.
       </para>

       <para>
        The following field codes are available:
        <variablelist>
         <varlistentry id="libpq-pg-diag-severity">
          <term><symbol>PG_DIAG_SEVERITY</symbol></term>
          <listitem>
           <para>
            The severity; the field contents are <literal>ERROR</literal>,
            <literal>FATAL</literal>, or <literal>PANIC</literal> (in an error message),
            or <literal>WARNING</literal>, <literal>NOTICE</literal>, <literal>DEBUG</literal>,
            <literal>INFO</literal>, or <literal>LOG</literal> (in a notice message), or
            a localized translation of one of these.  Always present.
           </para>