VISUAL is not defined, or defaults to "vi" if neither VISUAL nor EDI‐
TOR is defined. See also the discussion of LESSEDIT under the section on PROMPTS below.
! shell‐command
Invokes a shell to run the shell‐command given. A percent sign (%) in the command is replaced by the name of the current file. A pound sign (#) is replaced by the name of the previously examined file. "!!"
repeats the last shell command. "!" with no shell command simply invokes a shell. On Unix systems, the shell is taken from the environment variable SHELL, or defaults to "sh". On MS‐DOS and OS/2 systems, the
shell is the normal command processor.
| <m> shell‐command
<m> represents any mark letter. Pipes a section of the input file to the given shell command. The section of the file to be piped is between the position marked by the letter and the current screen. The en‐
tire current screen is included, regardless of whether the marked position is before or after the current screen. <m> may also be ^ or $ to indicate beginning or end of file respectively. If <m> is . or new‐
line, the current screen is piped.
s filename
Save the input to a file. This only works if the input is a pipe, not an ordinary file.
OPTIONS
Command line options are described below. Most options may be changed while less is running, via the "-" command.
Most options may be given in one of two forms: either a dash followed by a single letter, or two dashes followed by a long option name. A long option name may be abbreviated as long as the abbreviation is unambigu‐
ous. For example, --quit‐at‐eof may be abbreviated --quit, but not --qui, since both --quit‐at‐eof and --quiet begin with --qui. Some long option names are in uppercase, such as --QUIT‐AT‐EOF, as distinct from
--quit‐at‐eof. Such option names need only have their first letter capitalized; the remainder of the name may be in either case. For example, --Quit‐at‐eof is equivalent to --QUIT‐AT‐EOF.
Options are also taken from the environment variable "LESS". For example, to avoid typing "less -options ..." each time less is invoked, you might tell csh:
setenv LESS "-options"
or if you use sh:
LESS="-options"; export LESS
On MS‐DOS, you don’t need the quotes, but you should replace any percent signs in the options string by double percent signs.
The environment variable is parsed before the command line, so command line options override the LESS environment variable. If an option appears in the LESS variable, it can be reset to its default value on the com‐
mand line by beginning the command line option with "-+".
Some options like -k or -D require a string to follow the option letter. The string for that option is considered to end when a dollar sign ($) is found. For example, you can set two -D options on MS‐DOS like this:
LESS="Dn9.1$Ds4.1"
If the --use‐backslash option appears earlier in the options, then a dollar sign or backslash may be included literally in an option string by preceding it with a backslash. If the --use‐backslash option is not in
effect, then backslashes are not treated specially, and there is no way to include a dollar sign in the option string.
-? or --help
This option displays a summary of the commands accepted by less (the same as the h command). (Depending on how your shell interprets the question mark, it may be necessary to quote the question mark, thus:
"-\?".)
-a or --search‐skip‐screen
By default, forward searches start at the top of the displayed screen and backwards searches start at the bottom of the displayed screen (except for repeated searches invoked by the n or N commands, which start
after or before the "target" line respectively;